The reading process is based on magneto-optical Kerr effect.
2.
These artificially frustrated ferromagnets can exhibit unique magnetic properties when studying their global response to an external field using Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect.
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This uses a nonlinear optical process, the optical Kerr effect, which results in high-intensity light being focussed differently from low-intensity light.
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The optical Kerr effect manifests itself temporally as self-phase modulation, a self-induced phase-and frequency-shift of a pulse of light as it travels through a medium.
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In optical Kerr effect ( OKE ) spectroscopy, optical heterodyning of the OKE signal and a small part of the probe signal produces a mixed signal consisting of probe, heterodyne OKE-probe and homodyne OKE signal.
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In fact, nonlinear optics effects can shift the resonant modes to improve the overlap with the perfect comb even more . ( The resonant mode frequencies depend on refractive index, which is altered by the optical Kerr effect .)
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Specific facilities are a clean room for thin film deposition and nanolithography, Sputtering, Pulsed Laser Deposition and Spin Coating as well as lift-off and RIE facilities for lithography, profilometry, Atomic / Magnetic Force Microscopy, SQUID and Magneto Optical Kerr Effect ( MOKE ) magnetometry, etc.
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Using a less strict definition of the electro-optic effect allowing also electric fields oscillating at optical frequencies, one could also include nonlinear absorption ( absorption depends on the light intensity ) to category a ) and the optical Kerr effect ( refractive index depends on the light intensity ) to category b ).
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Its origin lies in the optical Kerr effect, a non-linear process which arises in media exposed to intense electromagnetic radiation, and which produces a variation of the refractive index n as described by the formula n = n _ 0 + n _ 2 I, where " n " 0 and " n " 2 are the linear and non-linear components of the refractive index, and " I " is the intensity of the radiation.
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